What are IoT architectures and why are they essential for intelligent solutions?

What is an IoT architecture?

An IoT architecture describes the technical structure of an IoT infrastructure system, i.e. how sensors, networks, cloud platforms and applications interact. For IoT infrastructure systems to work efficiently, they must follow certain architectural approaches – including 5-layer architecture models in particular, which enable a clear division of the components and their functions.

IoT architecture models at a glance

In order to design the IoT infrastructure efficiently, multi-layer architectures are generally used. One particularly established model is the 5-layer architecture, which structures the entire processing chain of an IoT system and creates a scalable IoT infrastructure. In the following, we take a closer look at the famous five layers

The 5-layer architecture in detail

1. Perception layer

This lowest layer consists of sensors, RFID tags, cameras or other detection technologies. It records physical parameters such as temperature, humidity or movement and converts them into digital signals.

2. Network layer

This is where communication between the devices and the next processing stage takes place. Transmission can take place via various technologies, e.g. WLAN, Bluetooth, LPWAN, 5G or Ethernet.

3. Edge layer (edge computing layer)

This layer serves as a pre-processing stage. Initial data analyses are carried out here in order to reduce the amount of information that needs to be forwarded to central systems. This improves the response time and real-time applications can be realized.

4. Processing layer

This is where the data is stored, processed and analyzed in cloud or on-premise servers. This layer often contains machine learning algorithms to recognize patterns and make automated decisions.

5. Application layer

In this top layer, end users or systems access the analyzed data. This can be done through dashboards, mobile apps or automated control systems.

Why is the 5-layer model so relevant?

The 5-layer architecture has proven to be particularly practical because it

• enables a clear separation of responsibilities,
• facilitates the scalability of IoT infrastructure systems,
• supports the integration of new technologies and standards and
• promotes efficient data processing through edge computing.

Other IoT architecture approaches

Depending on the application, there are several other different IoT architectures in addition to the 5-layer model, which are also based on different layers:

• 3-layer model: consists of perception, network and application – a simplified version for smaller IoT infrastructure systems.
• 7-layer model of the IoT World Forum: An extension of the 5-layer architecture with an additional focus on security and management layers.
• OSI 7-layer model: This classic model is primarily used for communication in networks and is not specifically suitable for IoT platform architectures, but has influenced concepts.

Why is an IoT architecture essential for smart networks?

Without a clearly defined IoT platform architecture, IoT infrastructure systems would quickly disintegrate into confusing isolated solutions. A well thought-out layer model architecture is not only more efficient, but also essential for the security, flexibility and scalability of IoT networks:

1. Optimal data processing: edge and cloud computing allow large volumes of data to be processed efficiently.
2. Greater security: a clear separation of components reduces attack surfaces
3. Interoperability: Systems with a standardized IoT platform architecture are easier to integrate and expand.
4. Increased efficiency: The automation of processes is facilitated by an intelligent layer model architecture.

What is a reference architecture in IoT?

A reference architecture provides developers with a standardized basis for designing efficient and interoperable IoT platform architecture systems. Two of the most important models are

RAMI 4.0 (Reference Architecture Model Industry 4.0)

• Developed for Industry 4.0
• Defines hierarchy levels, the product life cycle and functional layers
• Supports the networking of machines and systems along the value chain

Industrial Internet Reference Architecture (IIRA)

• Developed by the Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC)
• Contains four perspectives: Business, Usage, Functional and Implementation
• Covers business, technical and security aspects

Models like these help to structure complex IoT ecosystems uniformly and establish communication standards.

Reference architecture vs. IoT architecture: what’s the difference?

An IoT architecture is the actual technical implementation of a system, while an IoT reference architecture provides a blueprint or framework for orientation.

Conclusion: IoT architecture is the basis for smart solutions

A well thought-out IoT architecture is crucial for smart, networked solutions. The 5-layer model of IoT architecture in particular has proven to be practical, as it provides a clear structure for processing and using IoT platform architecture data. Anyone who wants to build a future-proof IoT infrastructure should therefore rely on a well thought-out IoT platform architecture and use proven reference architectures as a basis.